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Fundamental rules

Drones
- Required for 250g to 25kg
- Registered and marked with registration number
- Advanced operations is only for drones on approved list
Pilot
- Certified (pass flight review)
- Min 14y old or under supervision of cert pilot (16y for advanced)
- Fit to fly - no alcohol within 12h and not fatigue
Visual line of sight
- Must maintain VLOS
- FPV goggles with observer
- Night flying is OK if visible lights

Where to flight:

Basic
- At least 5.6km away from airport
- At least 1.9km away from heliport
- Not allowed in controlled airspace
Advanced/SFOC is allowed but with air traffic control permission
Proximity
- Basic: 30m away from bystanders, not over people
- Advanced: 5m, over people
Advertised events: concerts, etc.: Not allowed to fly over.
Altitude: greater of (122m or 30m above a building when within 61m of the building)^[1].
Not allowed in parks canada without prior agreement from Parks Canada.

8 knowledge areas in the basic certificate:

Air law, rules, etc.: 14 questions
RPAS airframe, powerplants, ...: 2 questions
Human factors: 2 questions
Meteorology: 2 questions
Navigation: 4 questions
Flight ops: 5 questions
Theory of flight: 2 questions
Radio: 4 questions

Air law

Terminology: Remotely Piloted Aircarft (RPA), RPAS (Remotely piloted aircraft systems), aviation: aerodrome, airport, heliport, class C, class F - CAR^[2] & AIM^[3]
Drone registration requirement: CAR 901.02
VLOS: CAR 901.11
Restrictions around airports: CAR 901.14
Emergency areas and forest fires: CAR 901.12
People, events, structures: CAR 901.25, 901.26, 901.41
Payload: CAR 901.22, CAR 901.43
Giving way to manned aircraft: CAR 901.17, CAR 901.18
Driving and piloting: CAR 901.37
FPV goggles: CAR 901.38
Night: CAR 901.39
Flight conditions requiring Advanced Operations: CAR 901.62
Accidents and incidents: CAR 901.49

RPAS - Know your drone

Access for manufacturers' manual - CAR 901.30, 901.31
Parts of an airframe
Environmental factors that affect equipment and systems
Batteries and related regulations (Rules around LI-ION batteries)
Types of motors and propellers
Compass, altimeters, airspeed, IMU equipment (AIM)

Human factors

Rules around alcohol and drug use - CAR 901.19
Rules around being tired CAR 901.19
Scanning techniques for visual observer
Understanding perspective illusion with distant aircraft (whether the plan is going away or coming to you)

Meteorology

Rules around weather conditions, icing conditions and snow - CAR 901.34 and CAR 901.35
Wind, temperature, precipitation impacts on flight AIM

Ways to determine if it's safe to fly, do a site-survey - CAR 901.27 and CAR 901.33.
Reading maps (scales (standard scales), elevation, symbols, latitude/longitude) AIM and google
UTC to local
RF interference

Flight operations

Pilot is in charge: CAR 901.21 and 901.32
Visual observer: CAR 901.20
Emergency procedure: CAR 901.23
Pre-flight procedure: CAR 901.24 & CAR 901.28
Access operating manuals and instructions: CAR 901.30 and CAR 901.31
Records to keep: CAR 901.48

Theory of flight

Bernoulli's principle of lift, airfoils
Lift, drag, centre of gravity, turbulence, laminar flow.

Radiotelephony

Aviation radio frequencies: AIM
Communicate with Air Traffic Control: AIM
What to do if you lose contact with Air Traffic Control AIM
Report an incident: AIM
Generic aviation rules: CAR.

Read list;

CAR Section 9

901.02 - Don't endanger people
901.05 - Plane must be registered and number on the plane.
901.04 - > 14y and Citizen or PR only, corporation or gov entity.
901.05 - Registration only if qualified.
901.06 - Register of planes.
901.07 - Update registration if sold, lost, destroyed...
901.08 - Update your address.
901.09 - Must keep the certificate of registration accessible when using the plane.
901.10 - Empty.
901.11 - Keep VLOS or use an observer (unless special flight ops)
901.12 - Don't enter an area under emergency
901.13 - Don't fly out of canada
901.14 - Don't fly in controlled airspace (unless authorized to)
901.15 - Warn relevant authority if plane will enter restricted airspace
901.16 - Stop flying if it endangers someone
901.17 - Give way to manned crafts
901.18 - Don't go close to another craft
901.19 - Don't fly drunk (12h since last alcohol) or tired
901.20 - You should be able to talk with the observer. The observer looks at air traffic and hazards or person on surface. One observer per craft. Observer can't drive or operate a vessel.
901.21 - Pilot gives instructions
901.22 - Don't fly something living
901.23 - Establish normal operating procedures, and emergency procedures for failures, loss of commands, fly-away, flight termination. Review those procedures before flight.
901.24 - Inform yourself on the flight.
901.25 - No more than the greatest of: 400ft (122m), or 100ft (30m) above a building within 200ft (61m). Unless special flight ops
901.26 - don't get within 30m of strangers
901.27 - survey the site for boundaries, airspace regulations, takeoff and landing, manned aircraft ops, aerodromes, obstacles, weather, people.
901.28 - check gear before take off, give responsibilities to the crew and tell them where to find procedures
901.29 - check that the craft is OK and maintained per instructions
901.30 - if there's a manual for the plane, you need to have it
901.31 - follow instructions of the manual
901.32 - you need to keep control
901.33 - before take off and landing, ensure there's no obstacle or risk of collision.
901.34 - weather allows to fly and see the plane.
901.35 - don't flight when icing.
901.36 - if you fly in formation, shake hands first.
901.37 - don't fly and drive.
901.38 - if you use FPV, use an observer
901.39 - at night you need good lights.
901.40 - operate one plane at a time (unless it's built for that, but max 5)
901.41 - don't fly over an event outdoors advertised to the public (unless spec flight ops and permission)
901.42 - don't give commands in flight unless you agreed beforehands and there's a procedure if it fails.
901.43 - no payloads that are hazardous, weapons, attached with a line (unless in the manual) ... and unless spec flight ops
901.44 - don't activate flight termination if it's dangerous to someone.
901.45 - no Emergency Locator Transmitter
901.46 - don't go in transponder airspace without a transponder, unless authorized to do so
901.47 - don't interfere with aerodrome traffic patterns. Not within 3 nautical miles of the center of an airport or defence aerodrome, and 1 NM from heliport.
901.48 - owner keeps a) records of pilot + crew members ; flight location and time for 1y. b) record of maintenance + modifications, dates, and who did it for 2y. Give b) to new owner.
901.49 - stop flying until having done analysis after causing: injury or contact with person, unanticipated damage, going out of boundaries, collision, fly-away, police report. Keep record of analysis for 1y.
901.50, 901.51, 901.52 - Empty
901.53 - 54 to 61 are for Basic operations
901.54 - must be 14 and have basic or advanced certificate. Kids and others are ok if under supervision.
901.55 - you get the certificate by getting the exam.
901.56 - certificate is valid 2y, you need training or flight review or the certificate again after that^[5]. Keep record of training.
901.57 - have you documents with you
901.58 - be honest during the exam and don't take questions
901.59 - if you fail you wait 24h
901.60 and 901.61 - empty.
901.62 - 62 to 75 Advanced operations. Allows you to fly in controlled airspace, closer to people
901.63 - advanced is for 16+, or under supervision of.
901.64 - You need to take the exam.
901.65 - you need training or flight review or re-take the exam. Keep your records.
901.66 - have your documents with you
901.67 - don't cheat
901.68 - 24h if you fail
901.69 - only authorized crafts can do advanced ops. There's a list.
901.70 - Modifications un-certify the craft unless they don't touch the requirements.
901.71 - to go in controlled airspace or higher than max altitude you need clearance from air traffic control.
901.72 - comply to air traffic control instructions
901.73 - don't go closer than 3NM airport or 1NM heliport unless authorized to
901.74-75 - empty
901.76 - list of requirements necessary from manufacturer to get their plan certified for advanced ops
901.77 - updates from manufacturer
901.78 - docs.
901.79 - record keeping from manufacturer
901.80 - 81 - empty.
901.82 - flight reviewers must have advanced and affiliated with training provider
901.83 - flight reviewers must be 18y, have the certificate for at least 6 months, get the exam.
901.84 - don't cheat
901.85 - 24h
901.86 - training providers
901.87 - standard.
903.01 - certificate required about 250g and valid up to 25kg. Keep visual. Don't go too high. Dont do at an event.
903.02 - If you want to do 903.01, get authorization from Minister at least 30 working days prior.
Standard 922
922.04 - lateral accuracy required for controlled airspace: +/- 10m. Altitude +/- 16m.
922.05 -
Acronyms and terms